THE purpose of this research is to investigate THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE formation of leading schools, so that it can be used in Iran's education. For this purpose, first, according to THE research background and THEoretical foundations, a conceptual framework was presented in THE field of THE components of an efficient and progressive school. Due to THE nature of THE subject, this research is an applied and developmental research and its method is of a mixed type, and includes quantitative and qualitative methods. According to THE obtained information, THE statistical population is about 3000 people. THE sample size is estimated to be 344 people using Morgan's table. Stratified sampling method was used for sampling in this research, and 84 managers and 260 teachers participated in this study. THE tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze THE data and answer THE research questions, THE correlation coefficient test and factor analysis were used. THE results of THE research showed that THE components of management and leadership, research FACTORS, educational FACTORS, human resources, budget and infrastructure, technology and equipment are THE main components of THE formation of leading schools, and THE component of educational FACTORS has THE largest contribution.

A B S T R A C TTHE present study was conducted to investigate THE FACTORS AFFECTING improving THE quality of urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. THE statistical population of THE research was THE residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. THE data collection tool was a questionnaire, THE validity of which was verified in THE form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of THE questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. THE findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, THE variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, THE variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to THE path coefficient obtained for THE research variables, THE amount of THEir impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among THE identified FACTORS, THE factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has THE most significant impact, and THE factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on THE physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of THE neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to THE interventions of THE Tehran municipality in line with THE implementation of THE urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with THEse interventions, THE inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet THE population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from THE point of view of providing THE city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving THE quality of life of THE people. It demands that THE quality of housing and THE FACTORS AFFECTING it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering THE mentioned cases, this research aims to answer THE question:- What are THE effective FACTORS in improving THE quality of housing? MethodologyTHE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected THE information needed for this research. In THE field method, primary data collection has been done according to THE research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study was THE residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. THE statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; THE validity of THE questionnaire was confirmed in THE form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check THE reliability of THE questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to THE results presented in THE research findings section, THE reliability of THE questionnaire was confirmed. THE data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to THE value of THE obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, THE value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on THE results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as THE physical crystallization of housing, are THE most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning THE impact of access to urban services on THE quality of housing, THE findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining THE results of this section, it can be said that gradually, THE housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those oTHEr aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; THE limits of enjoying services and access to THE essentials of life are shown to evaluate THE housing quality. THEse indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to urban housing services is considered one of THE main indicators of life, which THE Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in THE world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on THE quality of housing, THE results of this research confirmed THE impact of THE social environment and environmental quality on THE quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From THE beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches THE quality conditions of THEir residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain THE FACTORS AFFECTING improving THE quality of urban housing. THE findings of this research showed that among THE studied FACTORS, THE physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has THE most significant impact on improving THE quality of urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of THE variance of THE housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on THE structural basis of a building and is often defined in THE form of rules and standards related to it. THE physical quality is sometimes interpreted as THE appearance of buildings. Since THEy are fixed and real things, THEy are THE reason for THE emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. THE second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of THE variance of THE housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding THE impact on housing quality according to THE path coefficient value obtained. In third place was THE factor of environmental quality with THE path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of THE variance of THE variable of housing quality. Moreover, in THE last place is THE factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from THE oTHEr results of this research, we can mention THE positive effect of access to THE quality of urban services on THE improvement of THE physical condition of housing, and THE value of THE path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of THE variance of THE variable. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionTHE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approTHE contenttent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestTHE authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

THE city's regeneration is one of THE strategies that lead to urban deterioration and inefficient textures towards revitalization. Using systems thinking on THE subject of reinvention can lead to THE identification of complex systems that are considered effective in producing and reproducing worn-out textures. In this regard, this study was to benefit from a systemic approach in identifying THE THE roots of THE production and reproduction of historical/worn-out textures in Semnan city. THE leading research is among THE applied research, and in terms of information and data analysis, it uses THE descriptive-analytical method. THE tool for collecting information is also in documents and surveys. THE statistical population of THE research was 18 university professors, experts, and officials familiar with THE urban fabric of Semnan, who were selected by THE snowball method. In THE end, using experts' opinions, 24 variables were selected as effective drivers of Semnan's production-reproduction system of worn tissue. MicMac software was used for structural-interpretive analysis of variables. THE results show that THE rules and regulations governing THE regeneration of THE studied area are THE most important and effective FACTORS. Also, THE special ownership conditions governing barren, ruined, and ruined lands have caused THE private sector to have no incentive to invest in this area and reproduce THE existing conditions. With THE continuation of THE current process, THE existing situation is reproduced. Breaking this round of THE reproduction process requires a constructive look at THE target neighborhoods from THE city administration and government agencies, which can provide THE basis for THE presence of private sector investors in THEse neighborhoods

ABSTRACT Considering THE concept of quality of life in cities to be THE same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE quality of life. THErefore, according to THE size of THE city, different indicators should be considered to measure THE quality of life. Thus, according to THE main goal of THE research, which is to recognize, identify and compile THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE improvement of THE quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve THE goal of THE research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. THE findings show that THE homogenization of THE indicators AFFECTING THE quality of life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as THE size of THE city, are effective in compiling and selecting THE indicators AFFECTING THE quality of life. So, THE indicators AFFECTING THE quality of life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as THE city's characteristics or THE city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and THE high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to THE importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each oTHEr and THE weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic FACTORS have THE most importance in explaining THE quality of life; this shows that THE Quality of life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering THE concept of quality of life equally in all cities has caused THE level of quality of life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On THE oTHEr hand, considering THE concept of quality of life in cities to be THE same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE quality of life. Following this, THE main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective FACTORS for improving THE quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, THE cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to THE size of THE city, in order to achieve THE goal of THE research, THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE quality of life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology THE research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of life, first, THE indicators were separated into separate and structured FACTORS using THE exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And THEn, step by step regression method was used to measure THE effective FACTORS in improving THE quality of life in cities.   Results and discussion THE research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 FACTORS were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 FACTORS in Qazvin city as effective FACTORS on THE quality of life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE improvement of THE quality of life in small and middle cities, THE FACTORS extracted from THE factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. FurTHErmore, finally, (13) FACTORS were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) FACTORS in Qazvin as THE main FACTORS influencing THE quality of life. THE analysis of THE findings indicates that in Zia Abad, FACTORS such as life expectancy and social relations, security, THE state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, THE state of urban furniture, urban traffic, THE state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving THE quality of life. In Qazvin, FACTORS such as THE state of urban services, THE state of green and public spaces in THE city, THE state of security and economic opportunities in THE city, THE density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural life, THE state of roads and leisure in THE city are effective in explaining THE quality of life. Following this, according to THE above findings, quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to THE type of cities and THE specific characteristics of cities. THErefore, THE quality of life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE quality of life to be different. THErefore, considering THE quality of life and its indicators to be THE same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to THE decline of THE quality of life and THE failure of quality of life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, THE research results indicate that quality of life is a simple concept covering various urban life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in THE excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with THEir urban life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, THE perception of people in different cities and communities about THE concept of quality of life and THE FACTORS AFFECTING it can be different. Following this, FACTORS and indicators should be selected according to THE characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve THE quality of life for each city. Thus, this research, using THE classification of cities based on THE size of THE city, has presented FACTORS specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and THE great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to THE importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each oTHEr and THE weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic FACTORS have THE most importance in explaining THE quality of life; this shows that THE quality of life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, THE contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in THE field of military technologies have transformed THE issue of defense as THE main factor for THE survival of countries. Because THE transformation from hard to soft war and THEn THE smart war in recent decades has changed THE approaches to defense. THEse transformations have led to THE development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to THEir special conditions. This article has tried to investigate THE basic dimensions AFFECTING THE defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. THE results of THE current research show that THE effective components in THE current research include 130 items that are placed in THE form of 15 dimensions. THE importance of THEse dimensions in defense of THE Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, maTHEmatical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among THE most vital issues for THE preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among THEm, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize THE geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account THE threats and THE correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in THE country's geographical space. THE design of defense planning model according to THE economic, cultural, political and environmental features in THE new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received THE attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce THEse threats with accurate and systematic planning in THE geographical space, defense planning is not separate from THE flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on THE type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to THE expansion of THE security circle, THE government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in THE direction of territorial management. On THE oTHEr hand, THEre has been a transformation in THE form of threats and wars based on changes and THE movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is THE basis for reviewing and recognizing THE components that can be used in defense of countries, including THE Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite THE internal differences between countries, THE Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect THE overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, THE current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to THE correct and realistic depiction of THE defense situation of THE Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for THE defense of THE countries. THE sources used in THE current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to THE subject of THE current research, THE statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding THE research topic, which is THE design of THE defense model, according to THE nature of THE Delphi pattern model, at least THE statistical population based on THE sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. THE number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in THE form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in THE framework of THE Delphi model. Due to THE qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use THE Delphi model in THE framework of THE targeted non-random model. THErefore, based on THEse cases, THE current research has selected THE maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate THE research hypoTHEses in THE form of THE hardness equations model, THE partial least squares method and THE SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides THE possibility of checking THE THEory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in THE field of land use have been discussed. In THE meantime, THE defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to THE developments in geographical spaces, such as THE evolution of military-defense technologies, THE connection of geographical spaces to each oTHEr and most importantly, THE movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to THEse developments are trying to prepare THE geographical space of THEir country in terms of defense. THErefore, THE defense planning of THE Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that THE countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion THE results of THE present research show that THE defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to THEir characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In THE design of THE defense planning of THEse countries, attention should be paid to THE weight and importance of THE shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that THE defense planning of THE Middle East countries is proportional to THE geographical features of THEse countries and on THE oTHEr hand, considering THE developments in THE field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for THE defense of THEse countries.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

ABSTRACTDuring THE last century, ports of Persian Gulf become THE most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, THE impact of port activities on THE development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. THE purpose of this research is to identify THE key variables AFFECTING THE relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as THE most thriving and successful port-city in THE Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of oTHEr prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze THE data. Output of Micmac software shows THE position of THE instability of THE system. THErefore, THE position of each variables in THE conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous FACTORS. THE research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. THE rapid development of Dubai can be explained by THE purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring THE last century, ports of Persian Gulf become THE most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. THE global increase in oil demand since THE 1950s led to THE creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With THE construction of new oil or gas facilities in THE port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to THE countries of THE Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on THE spatial structure and relation of THEm. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, THE impact of port activities on THE development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In THE 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of THE world's ports and created a huge transformation in THE shipping industry, which had a significant impact on THE development of ports. Although THE ports of THE Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to THE economic growth and physical development of oTHEr ports in THE world, but few researches have been done on THE variables and FACTORS AFFECTING THE development of THE spatial structure of THE important ports of THE Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in THE field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of THE most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, THE purpose of this research is to identify THE key variables AFFECTING THE relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as THE most thriving and successful port-city in THE Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of oTHEr prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). THE method used in this research is quantitative and THE sampling method is based on purposive sampling. THE variables AFFECTING THE spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in THE form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about THE development process of THE city-port of Dubai) participated to determine THE effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, THE output of data analysis was done by THE Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows THE position of THE variables in THE diagram that it indicates THEir status in THE system and THEir role in THE dynamics and changes of THE system. THE method of distribution and dispersion of THE variables in THE spatial structure of port-city relations indicates THE instability of THE system. THErefore, based on THE output of THE system, THE position of each variables in THE conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to THE results, some variables such as “THE changes in THE strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “THE modification of THE management method” and “regional planning of THE ports”, “THE promotion of local governance in THE relations between port-city” and “THE way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On THE oTHEr hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port” and “income, cost and investment in THE port-city”, “THE contrast and physical integration of THE port - city space”, “THE development of various industrial and production activities in THE ports and THEir local hinterland” and “THEir qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching THE new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between THE city and THE port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to THE port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in THE city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with THE title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. THE findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with oTHEr researches carried out in THE field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize THE direct impact of THE "investment in port-city" in THE development of THEm. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of THE largest ports in NorTHErn Europe during THE last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain THE key variables AFFECTING THE development of THE spatial structure of THE port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In THE following, 25 experts were selected with THE purposive sampling method. Among THE 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. THE rapid development of Dubai can be explained by THE purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of THEse revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. THEse strategies have a wide impact on improving THE economic growth of THE city and THE development of THE port in order to adapt with THE global trade and advanced technologies. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Both library and field methods have collected THE information required for this research. THE statistical population of THE research consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size according to THE Cochran formula was 364. THE study results of THE studied residential complexes from THE perspective of spatial connectivity indicators indicated that among THE investigated complexes, Rahan residential complex had THE lowest connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes, and THE highest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. Moreover, Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with increase of sociability. Among THE oTHEr results of this research, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient among THE investigated components. In THE first place, THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, THE multi-purpose component with a path coefficient of 231 0.0 in THE third place, THE security component with a path coefficient of 0.162 is in THE fourth place and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place with a path coefficient of 0.153 Extended Abstract Introduction In THE public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, THE issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost THE social life of citizens by strengTHEning social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. THE residential environment conveys THE residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to THE different arrangements of THE blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of THE public space in it, which, according to THE way THEy are arranged, have different potentials from THE point of view of sociability in THEm. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces THE sense of belonging to a place, security, and oTHEr issues caused by not paying attention to THE quality of collective life in housing. THE main question is: - What are THE components of THE spatial structure AFFECTING THE sociability of residential complexes in THE city of Kermanshah?   Methodology THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected THE information needed for this research. In THE field method, primary data collection has been done according to THE research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size was estimated to be 364 people using THE Cochran formula. FACTORS such as THE ease of access to THE complexes, THE willingness and cooperation of THE residents and THE management of THE complexes were also influential in selecting THE samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate THE sociability of residential complexes based on THE   THEoretical framework prepared in THE present research, THE physical indicators AFFECTING this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of THE studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including THE playground, gaTHEring space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze THE data.   Results and discussion In this research, THE relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as THE basis of THE research case. Among THE samples studied, Rahan residential complex has THE lowest connectivity index compared to oTHEr complexes; THE largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of THE spaces and accesses in THE Rahan complex is very weak and lower than THE rest of THE complexes. According to THE numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at THE same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have THE best performance in this aspect; THE placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Among THE investigated sociability components, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient. In THE first place THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, and THE multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In THE third place, THE security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in THE fourth place, and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in THE common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with oTHErs comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near THE door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of THE window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine THE condition of THE studied residential complexes from THE perspective of sociability. THE results showed that Rahan residential complex had THE lowest level of connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes and THE largest share of this. THE comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Extended Abstract Introduction In THE public space of neighborhoods and residential environments, THE issue of sociability has been less addressed. Public spaces can boost THE social life of citizens by strengTHEning social interactions and being involved in social sustainability. THE residential environment conveys THE residents a sense of well-being and satisfaction through physical, social or symbolic features. In each residential complex, according to THE different arrangements of THE blocks in it, it is possible to reach different influential indicators of THE public space in it, which, according to THE way THEy are arranged, have different potentials from THE point of view of sociability in THEm. Declining sociability causes many problems in relationships between people and reduces THE sense of belonging to a place, security, and oTHEr issues caused by not paying attention to THE quality of collective life in housing. THE main question is: - What are THE components of THE spatial structure AFFECTING THE sociability of residential complexes in THE city of Kermanshah?   Methodology THE current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in THE category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected THE information needed for this research. In THE field method, primary data collection has been done according to THE research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study consisted of citizens living in Kasra, Azadi, Rezvan, Rahan, Hasht Behesht and Zeytoun residential complexes, which consisted of 6588 people, and THE sample size was estimated to be 364 people using THE Cochran formula. FACTORS such as THE ease of access to THE complexes, THE willingness and cooperation of THE residents and THE management of THE complexes were also influential in selecting THE samples studied in this research. In this research, in order to investigate THE sociability of residential complexes based on THE THEoretical framework prepared in THE present research, THE physical indicators AFFECTING this issue include five indicators of "connectivity, interconnectedness, control, selection and depth" in each of THE studied samples have been evaluated and analyzed in public spaces including THE playground, gaTHEring space, parking lot, and lobby. This research used Depthmap analytical software and structural equation modeling software to analyze THE data.   Results and discussion In this research, THE relation of sociability of public spaces of residential complexes in Kermanshah, which includes Kasra residential complex, Azadi residential complex, Rezvan residential complex, Rahan residential complex, Hasht Behesht residential complex and Zeytoun residential complex as THE basis of THE research case. Among THE samples studied, Rahan residential complex has THE lowest connectivity index compared to oTHEr complexes; THE largest share of this comparison goes to Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of THE spaces and accesses in THE Rahan complex is very weak and lower than THE rest of THE complexes. According to THE numbers extracted, Zeytoun complex and following that Kasra and Rezvan complexes are at THE same level of performance, and Azadi and Hasht Behesht complexes have THE best performance in this aspect; THE placement of access and communications in Kasra and Rezvan complexes has been appropriate and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability. Among THE investigated sociability components, THE spatial order component with THE path coefficient value of 0.368 has THE highest path coefficient. In THE first place THE playability component with a path coefficient of 0.253 is in THE second place, and THE multipurpose component with a path coefficient of 0.231. In THE third place, THE security component, with a path coefficient of 0.162, is in THE fourth place, and THE environmental comfort component is in THE fifth place, with a path coefficient of 0.153.     Conclusion Living in THE common spaces of residential complexes allows one to be with oTHErs comfortably and effortlessly. A person can take a usual walk to be among people, sit on a bench near THE door for a short time, and even sometimes look out of THE window can be a worthwhile activity. In this research, an attempt was made to examine THE condition of THE studied residential complexes from THE perspective of sociability. THE results showed that Rahan residential complex had THE lowest level of connectivity index compared to THE rest of THE complexes and THE largest share of this. THE comparison reaches Kasra residential complex. In THE meantime, Zeytoun residential complex, THEn Azadi, Hasht Behesht and Rezvan have THE lowest to THE highest amount. It can be seen that THE public spaces of Rahan residential complex do not have THE desired level of connectivity. As THE communication increases, THE spaces will become more sociable. From THE comparison of THE complexes based on THE interconnection index, we conclude that THE location of spaces and accesses in Rahan complex is very weak. Compared to THE rest of THE complexes, THE location of access and communication in Kasra complex is lower. And Rezvan has been suitable and successful. It is said that THE increase of connection in public spaces occurs with THE increase of sociability.

Abstract: This study sought to answer THE question of what are THE causes of marital infidelity in THE Iranian family. To Answer THE Research Question, Qualitative Meta-SynTHEsis (QMS) Method Were Used. THEn, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. THE results showed that THE FACTORS of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social FACTORS, 2. Psychological FACTORS, 3. Cultural FACTORS, 4. Family FACTORS, 5. Personal FACTORS, 6. Relational FACTORS, 7. Economic FACTORS, 8. Media FACTORS, 9. Contextual FACTORS. Each of THE main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. THE Social FACTORS of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological FACTORS of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and THEir “Love Schema”. Cultural FACTORS have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “THE level of Religious Education” of people. THE Family FACTORS were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “THE Kind of Family Background of people”. THE Personal FACTORS are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “THE Feeling of Loneliness”, “THE Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of THE Spouse” and “THE Role of THE Third Person in THE Relationship”. THE Economic FACTORS are including “THE Economic Status of THE person”, “THE Role of Economic Problems”, “THE motivation of entering into infidelity under THE Pretext of Job promotion”. THE media FACTORS Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, THE Contextual FACTORS were including THE Role of “Age” and “Gender” in THE Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in THE group of men and youth in Iran, more than oTHEr Social Groups.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria AFFECTING travel behavior presented through empirical research, THE results of THEse studies are inconclusive, which could be due to THE difference between THEse components and criteria in THE study areas. THErefore, this research presented a method to determine which FACTORS in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to THE differences in various physical developments. THE required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at THE level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as THE old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze THE significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused THE difference between groups. Also, THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing THE results of THE ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that FACTORS such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior due to THE differences in development patterns. However, proximity to THE public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for oTHEr than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of THE variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior has been one of THE main concerns of transportation planners. However, in THE last two decades, THE importance of THE influence of THE features of THE built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria AFFECTING travel behavior, THE results of THE studies are inconclusive, which could be due to THE difference between THEse components and criteria in THE study areas. THErefore, this research presented a method to determine which FACTORS in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to THE differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined wheTHEr THE study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to THE previous question, THE following question is which study areas caused this difference. THE next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology THE present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose THE frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as THE travel behavior. According to THE research's purpose, indicators and criteria AFFECTING travel behavior were extracted after reviewing THE THEoretical and experimental literature. THEn, THE required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at THE level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as THE old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. THE questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing THEir residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze THE significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or THE three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused THE difference between groups. Also, THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing THE results of THE ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior were due to THE differences in study areas and which FACTORS affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior due to THE differences in development patterns. In this regard, THE findings in line with THE first research question show that THE frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in THE three neighborhoods. FurTHErmore, ANOVA test results depict that THEre is a significant difference between THEse three neighborhoods in terms of FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of THE neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing THE results of THE ANOVA test with THE regression analysis assessing THE relationship between physical and non-physical FACTORS (THE same indicators in THE same study areas) with travel behavior, THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. FACTORS such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior due to THE differences in development patterns. However, proximity to THE public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for oTHEr than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of THE variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior due to THE differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of THE FACTORS AFFECTING travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding THE main components AFFECTING it, considering THE extent of variables and data, can pave THE way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in THE related literature.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

Probability density functions of THE involved random variables are essential for THE reliability-based design of offshore structures. THE objective of present research was THE derivation of probability density function (PDF) for THE local joint flexibility (LJF) factor, fLJF, in two-planar tubular DK-joints commonly found in jacket-type offshore structures. A total of 162 finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 FE models of DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading. Generated FE models were validated using available experimental data, FE results, and design formulas. Based on THE results of parametric FE study, a sample database was prepared for THE fLJF values and density histograms were generated for respective samples based on THE Freedman-Diaconis rule. Nine THEoretical PDFs were fitted to THE developed histograms and THE maximum likelihood (ML) method was applied to evaluate THE parameters of fitted PDFs. In each case, THE Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate THE goodness of fit. Finally, THE Inverse Gaussian model was proposed as THE governing probability distribution function for THE fLJF. After substituting THE values of estimated parameters, two fully defined PDFs were presented for THE fLJF in tubular DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading.